Nature and Climate of Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus, thanks to its location in the eastern Mediterranean, possesses a remarkably rich geography in terms of both climate and natural diversity. The region stands out with its long sunny seasons, extensive coastline, microclimates created by mountainous areas, and vegetation filled with endemic species. Stretching from the Beşparmak (Kyrenia) Mountains to the unspoiled beaches of the Karpaz Peninsula, this landscape is one of the most unique areas of the Mediterranean in terms of both biodiversity and natural beauty.

Climate: One of the Mildest Corners of the Mediterranean

The TRNC has a typical Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are mild and rainy. During the summer months, temperatures often rise to 35–40°C, whereas winter temperatures average around 10–15°C. Annual sunshine exceeds 300 days, making the region highly suitable for both agriculture and tourism.

The northern slopes of the Beşparmak Mountains have a cooler and more humid microclimate, while temperature differences are more pronounced in inland areas. The Karpaz Peninsula, due to its exposure to winds, maintains a refreshing atmosphere even in summer.

Vegetation: A Mediterranean Flora Enriched with Endemic Species

The vegetation of Northern Cyprus consists of Mediterranean maquis communities as well as endemic species found only in this region. More than 1,300 plant species have been identified across the island, around 20 of which are unique to Cyprus.

Notable endemic species found within the TRNC include:

• Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa cypria)
A red tulip species that grows only in Cyprus, blooming in spring. It is especially seen around Tepebaşı and the village of Akdeniz.

• Cyprus Spurge (Euphorbia cypria)
A resilient plant growing in the rocky areas of the Beşparmak Mountains.

• Cyprus Sage (Salvia cypria)
Known for its purple flowers; grows naturally in mountainous regions.

• Cyprus Wild Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa)
Common in the dunes and coastal areas of the Karpaz region.

• Cyprus Orchid Species (Ophrys kotschyi and others)
The TRNC hosts numerous orchid species, especially in Dipkarpaz and the Kyrenia mountains.

In addition to these, olive trees, carob, myrtle, laurel, sandalwood, wild almond, and maquis vegetation form the natural plant cover of the region.

Fauna: A Rich Wildlife from Sea Turtles to Wild Donkeys

The fauna of Northern Cyprus offers remarkable diversity across both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Sea Turtles

The TRNC is one of the most important sea turtle nesting areas in the Mediterranean.
Two species nest regularly:
• Caretta caretta (Loggerhead sea turtle)
• Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)

The beaches of Alagadi, Akdeniz, Tatlısu, and Karpaz are protected nesting sites for these species.

Karpaz Wild Donkeys

The wild donkeys living freely in the Dipkarpaz region are one of the symbols of the TRNC. They are an integral part of the peninsula’s natural life and are under protection.

Bird Diversity

Northern Cyprus lies on major migration routes, making it exceptionally rich for birdwatching. More than 350 bird species have been recorded in the region.

Prominent species include:
• Flamingo (around Salt Lake during migration periods)
• Various hawk and falcon species
• Cyprus sparrow
• Magpie
• Bee-eater
• Kingfisher

Mammals and Reptiles

• Fox
• Hedgehog
• Wild rabbit
• Various reptile species (especially lizards and snakes)
• Occasional sightings of the Mediterranean monk seal (rare)

Natural Areas and Ecosystems

The natural structure of the TRNC offers shifting ecosystems even across short distances:
• Beşparmak Mountains: Pine forests, endemic plants, rock formations
• Karpaz Peninsula: Unspoiled beaches, dunes, wild donkeys, turtle nesting sites
• Güzelyurt Plain: Citrus orchards and agricultural lands
• Kyrenia and Famagusta coasts: Rocky shores, sea caves, rich marine life

This diversity makes Northern Cyprus a unique destination for nature walks, birdwatching, and ecotourism.