Nicosia: The Heart of Cyprus, A Living Witness of History

Nicosia, the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, is one of the island’s oldest and most historically layered cities. As the world’s last divided capital, it holds a uniquely significant place not only for the TRNC but also for global history. Home to countless civilizations over the centuries, Nicosia is one of the rare cities where traces of the past blend seamlessly with modern life.

The History of Nicosia: A Journey Spanning Millennia

The history of Nicosia dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. Known as Ledra in antiquity, the city was an important settlement during the Roman and Byzantine periods. From the 10th century onward, it became one of Byzantium’s administrative centers and later served as the island’s capital under the Lusignans, Venetians, and Ottomans.

With the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1570, Nicosia acquired the classical Ottoman urban character. Mosques, inns, baths, and madrasas were built during this era. Under British administration beginning in 1878, the city modernized while still preserving much of its historical fabric.

Following intercommunal tensions after 1963 and the 1974 Peace Operation, Nicosia was divided into North and South. This division has shaped the city’s architecture, social structure, and cultural identity in a distinctive way.

Little-Known Features That Make Nicosia Special

Despite being the only city in the TRNC without a coastline, Nicosia stands out with its cultural and historical richness. One detail many visitors are unaware of is that the Nicosia city walls are among the best-preserved Renaissance fortifications in the world. Built by the Venetians in the 16th century, these circular walls consist of 11 bastions and still encircle the city today.

Another lesser-known aspect is Nicosia’s role as a center of arts and academia. Many of Cyprus’s major universities are located here, giving the city a vibrant, youthful energy. Nicosia also hosts the highest number of theaters, exhibitions, and cultural events in the TRNC.

Must-See Places in Nicosia

• Büyük Han (Great Inn): Built in 1572 by the Ottomans, it is the largest caravanserai in Cyprus. Today, it serves as the cultural heart of Nicosia with its art studios, cafés, and craft shops.
• Selimiye Mosque (Former St. Sophia Cathedral): The most magnificent example of Gothic architecture in Cyprus, later converted into a mosque during the Ottoman period. It is one of the city’s defining landmarks.
• Nicosia City Walls and Kyrenia Gate: The Kyrenia Gate, once the historic entrance to the city, is a favorite spot for photographers and history enthusiasts.
• Bedesten: Originally built as a church during the Lusignan era and later used as a marketplace under the Ottomans, Bedesten reflects Nicosia’s multilayered past.
• Derviş Pasha Mansion: An Ottoman-era urban residence offering insight into traditional life and customs in Nicosia.
• Lokmacı (Ledra) Border Gate: The crossing point connecting the two sides of the city, where the divided nature of Nicosia can be felt most clearly.

Suggested Nicosia Travel Routes

1. Historical Nicosia Walking Route

Starting from the Kyrenia Gate, this 2–3 hour route covers Selimiye Mosque, Büyük Han, Arasta Streets, and Bedesten an ideal way to explore the walled city.

2. Culture and Museum Route

Including the Mevlevi Tekke Museum, Derviş Pasha Mansion, and the Cyprus Turkish Ethnography Museum, this route is perfect for those who want to understand Nicosia’s social and cultural heritage.

3. Modern Nicosia Route

The Dereboyu district outside the city walls offers cafés, restaurants, and shopping areas for visitors interested in the modern face of Nicosia.

The Importance of Nicosia for the TRNC

Nicosia is the administrative, political, and cultural center of the TRNC. The Presidency, Parliament, and many state institutions are located here. It is also the hub of media, arts, and academia. To understand Nicosia is to understand the history, culture, and social fabric of Northern Cyprus.

Why Explore Nicosia?

Nicosia is far more than a typical holiday destination. Instead of beaches, it offers stories; instead of seaside leisure, it offers centuries of heritage; instead of entertainment, it offers cultural depth. Anyone who truly wants to understand Cyprus inevitably finds their way to Nicosia.